The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, flourishing around 3300–1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Known for advanced city planning, well-structured drainage systems, and organized trade, it included major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. The civilization had a rich culture, including art, pottery, and seals, and played a crucial role in the development of human society, governance, and early trade networks.